Whole genome sequencing versus traditional genotyping for investigation of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis outbreak: a longitudinal molecular epidemiological study.
BACKGROUND
Understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is very important to guide the transmission control strategy efficiently. typing traditional sports do not have enough discriminatory power to overcome the great plague. Here, we examine the potential of using the next-generation genome sequencing to identify the transmission chains associated outbreaks.
RESULTS
Over the long term (1997-2010) prospective, population-based molecular epidemiological surveillance consisting of a total of 2,301 patients, we identified a large outbreak caused by a strain of Mtb lineage Haarlem. The main measure performance results of whole genome sequencing (WGS) is the analysis of the degree of correlation with the analysis WGS contact tracing data and spatio-temporal distribution of plague cases. WGS analysis of 86 isolates revealed 85 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), grouping plague genome into seven groups (two to 24 isolates each), plus 36 unique SNP profile. WGS Results show that the first outbreak isolates were detected in 1997 were counterfeit clustered by classical genotype.
In 1998, one of the clones (called “Hamburg clone”) began to grow, apparently independently of differences in social environments initial case. genome-based grouping patterns that fit well with contact tracing data and geographic distribution of cases of grouping patterns based on the classic genotype. A maximum of three SNPs identified in the eight confirmed the chain of transmission from human to human, which involved 31 patients. We estimate the Mtb genome evolution rate of 0.4 mutations per genome per year. This level indicates that Mtb grown in natural hosts with a doubling time of about 22 h (400 generations per year). Based on genome variation is found, the emergence of clones Hamburg is dated back to the period between 1993 and 1997, then shortly before the discovery of the outbreak through epidemiological surveillance.
CONCLUSION
Our findings indicate that WGS is superior to conventional genotyping for tracking and investigating Mtb pathogenic micro-epidemics. WGS provides Mtb genome size evolution over time in the context of the natural host.
Whole genome sequencing versus traditional genotyping for investigation of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis outbreak: a longitudinal molecular epidemiological study.
Highly multiplexed molecular inversion probe genotyping: SNP targeted more than 10,000 genotypes in a single test tube.
Large-scale genetic studies are very dependent on the multiplex SNP tests efficient and scalable. In this study, we report the development of Molecular Inversion Probe technology with four-color, single-array detection, applied to large scale genotyping of up to 12,000 SNPs per reaction. While generating 38 429 SNPs tests using this technology in a population of 30 trios of the family panel Humain Center d’Etude polymorphisms as part of the International HapMap project, we set up a conversion rate of approximately 90% of SNP with a concordance rate of> 99.6% and the level of completeness of> 98% to test the level of multiplexing up to 12,000plex.
Description: This product is a useful tool for the isolation and efficient total RNA (miRNA and mRNAs) extraction from the total exosome population from human biofluids or cell culture media.
CORNING® NU-SERUM™ GROWTH MEDIUM SUPPLEMENT, 100ML, 1/PACK
Aha1 is a member of the HSP90 cochaperone family, and is thought to stimulate HSP90 ATPase activity by competing with p23 and other co-chaperones for HSP90 binding (1, 2). It may affect a step in the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi trafficking. Aha1 a
Description: His tagged recombinant yeast AHA1 Protein expressed in E. coli for WB, SDS-PAGE, Functional Assay. The biological activity of this protein has not yet been tested.
Aha1 is a member of the HSP90 cochaperone family, and is thought to stimulate HSP90 ATPase activity by competing with p23 and other co-chaperones for HSP90 binding (1, 2). It may affect a step in the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi trafficking. Aha1 a
Description: His tagged recombinant yeast AHA1 Protein expressed in E. coli for WB, SDS-PAGE, Functional Assay. The biological activity of this protein has not yet been tested.
Chaperonin 10, otherwise known as Cpn10, (groES in E.coli) make up a family of small heart shock proteins with an approximate molecular mass of 10kDa (HSP10s). Cpn10 acts as a co-chaperone and interacts with the HSP60 family to promote proper folding
Description: His tagged recombinant yeast AHA1 Protein expressed in E. coli for WB, SDS-PAGE, Functional Assay. The biological activity of this protein has not yet been tested.
Highly pure, intact, yeast mitochondria for various studies.
Description: Mitochondria are the power house of the cells as they generate most of the supply of energy in the form of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). Mitochondria are double membrane organelles comprising of an outer membrane and a folded inner membrane called cristae. Isolated mitochondria are a useful tool to study mitochondrial respiration, assembly of the respiratory complexes, apoptosis, mtDNA, mtRNA, protein profiling, and as a loading control. Highly pure yeast mitochondria are purified using standard protocol as mentioned in the Yeast Mitochondria Isolation Kit - Cat # K259-100 from Pichia pastoris.
Highly pure, intact, yeast mitochondria for various studies.
Description: Mitochondria are the power house of the cells as they generate most of the supply of energy in the form of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). Mitochondria are double membrane organelles comprising of an outer membrane and a folded inner membrane called cristae. Isolated mitochondria are a useful tool to study mitochondrial respiration, assembly of the respiratory complexes, apoptosis, mtDNA, mtRNA, protein profiling, and as a loading control. Highly pure yeast mitochondria are purified using standard protocol as mentioned in the Yeast Mitochondria Isolation Kit - Cat # K259-100 from Pichia pastoris.
Description: GLC8 Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 265 amino acids (1-229) and having a molecular mass of 30.7 kDa (molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear higher). ;The GLC8 is fused to a 35 amino acid His Tag at N-Terminus and purified by standard chromatography techniques.
Aha1 is a member of the HSP90 cochaperone family, and is thought to stimulate HSP90 ATPase activity by competing with p23 and other co-chaperones for HSP90 binding (1, 2). It may affect a step in the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi trafficking. Aha1 a
Description: A polyclonal antibody for AHA1p from Yeast. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Yeast Yeast Aha1 raised against peptide (CESQVKSNYTRGNQK)-KLH fusion
. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:2500). This AHA1p antibody is unconjugated.
Aha1 is a member of the HSP90 cochaperone family, and is thought to stimulate HSP90 ATPase activity by competing with p23 and other co-chaperones for HSP90 binding (1, 2). It may affect a step in the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi trafficking. Aha1 a
Description: A polyclonal antibody for AHA1p from Yeast. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Yeast Yeast Aha1 raised against peptide (CESQVKSNYTRGNQK)-KLH fusion
. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:2500). This AHA1p antibody is conjugated to ATTO 390.
Aha1 is a member of the HSP90 cochaperone family, and is thought to stimulate HSP90 ATPase activity by competing with p23 and other co-chaperones for HSP90 binding (1, 2). It may affect a step in the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi trafficking. Aha1 a
Description: A polyclonal antibody for AHA1p from Yeast. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Yeast Yeast Aha1 raised against peptide (CESQVKSNYTRGNQK)-KLH fusion
. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:2500). This AHA1p antibody is conjugated to ATTO 488.
Aha1 is a member of the HSP90 cochaperone family, and is thought to stimulate HSP90 ATPase activity by competing with p23 and other co-chaperones for HSP90 binding (1, 2). It may affect a step in the endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi trafficking. Aha1 a
Description: A polyclonal antibody for AHA1p from Yeast. The antibody is produced in rabbit after immunization with Yeast Yeast Aha1 raised against peptide (CESQVKSNYTRGNQK)-KLH fusion
. The Antibody is tested and validated for WB assays with the following recommended dilutions: WB (1:2500). This AHA1p antibody is conjugated to ATTO 565.
Furthermore, these individual metrics can be “traded off” and, at the expense of a small portion of the conversion rates, the accuracy can be improved to a very high level. No loss of performance seen when the scale of 6,000plex to 12,000plex the test, it validates the technological capability to suppress cross-reactivity at high multiplex level. These results indicate the suitability of this technology for a comprehensive association study using targeted SNPs in linkage disequilibrium studies indirectly or directly screen for the mutation causes.
Exosome-depleted FBS Media Supplement )
B-27 Serum-Free Supplement (50x) , RAT, 100ML, 1/PACK)
CORNING® T-CELL CULTURE SUPPLEMENT WITH CONA (IL-2 CULTURE SUPPLEMENT), RAT, 100ML, 1/PACK ,From Bovine)
Endothelial Cell Growth Supplement (ECGS),From Bovine )
Reagent for Total Exosome Isolation (Culture Media Supplement) 
Exosome-depleted FBS Media Supplement Heat Inactivated - USA Certified , 15MG, 1/PACK)
CORNING® ENDOTHELIAL CELL GROWTH SUPPLEMENT (ECGS), 15MG, 1/PACK 
CORNING® IL-3 CULTURE SUPPLEMENT, MOUSE, 25ML, 1/PACK 
CORNING® ITS PREMIX UNIVERSAL CULTURE SUPPLEMENT, 20ML, 1/PACK 
CORNING® ITS PREMIX UNIVERSAL CULTURE SUPPLEMENT, 5ML, 1/PACK 
CORNING® ITS+ PREMIX UNIVERSAL CULTURE SUPPLEMENT, 20ML, 1/PACK , 100MG, 1/PACK)
CORNING® ENDOTHELIAL CELL GROWTH SUPPLEMENT (ECGS), 100MG, 1/PACK )
Total Exosome RNA Extraction Kit (Biological Fluids/Culture Media Supplement) 
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CORNING® NU-SERUM™ GROWTH MEDIUM SUPPLEMENT, 500ML, 1/PACK 
Yeast Extract 
YEAST EXTRACT 
Recombinant Yeast IDH1 Protein, Untagged, Yeast-1mg 
Recombinant Yeast IDH1 Protein, Untagged, Yeast-50mg 
Recombinant Yeast IDH1 Protein, Untagged, Yeast-5mg 
500 ML RPMI 1640, 1X WITH GLUTAGRO™ SUPPLEMENT AND PHENOL RED 
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Recombinant Yeast GLRX1 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-10ug 
Recombinant Yeast GLRX1 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-1mg 
Recombinant Yeast GLRX1 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-50ug 
Recombinant Yeast GLRX2 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-10ug 
Recombinant Yeast GLRX2 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-1mg 
Recombinant Yeast GLRX2 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-50ug 
Yeast Thioredoxin Protein 
IL4 Yeast Protein 
IL2 Yeast Protein 
FNDC5, Yeast Protein 
Insulin Yeast Protein 
Trypsin, Yeast Protein 
Recombinant Yeast GLC8 
Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin 
Yeast extract, powder 
Thioredoxin Reductase, Yeast 
Thioredoxin 1, Yeast 
Thioredoxin 2, Yeast 
Glutathione Reductase, Yeast  Hirudin)
Recombinant (yeast) Hirudin 
Y187 Yeast Strains 
Y2HGold Yeast Strains 
X33 Yeast Strains 
KM71 Yeast Strains 
INVSC1 Yeast Strains 
BY4742 Yeast Strains 
AH109 Yeast Strains 
Y1HGold Yeast Strains 
BY4741 Yeast Strains 
GS115 Yeast Strains 
NMY51 Yeast Strains 
KM71H Yeast Strains 
ATCC9080 Yeast Strains 
EGY48 Yeast Strains 
SMD1168 Yeast Strains 
EBY100 Yeast Strains 
Yeast AHA1 Protein 
X33 Yeast Strain 
YEAST NITROGEN BASE , in Earle's Balanced Salts.)
Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium ITS, Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium Supplement (100X), in Earle's Balanced Salts. 
Recombinant Human Insulin Yeast 
Recombinant Yeast Glutaredoxin 1 
Recombinant Yeast Glutaredoxin 2 
Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin Reductase 
Recombinant Human Trypsin, Yeast )
Insulin, human recombinant (Yeast) )
Yeast Mitochondria (S. cerevisiae) )
Yeast Mitochondria (Pichia pastoris) 
Yeast Cell Ag antibody )
Yeast Glutaredoxin 2 (Recombinant) )
Yeast Glutaredoxin 1 (Recombinant) )
Yeast Thioredoxin Reductase (Recombinant) 
GLC8 Yeast Recombinant Protein 
Yeast Genomic DNA Kit 
Yeast RNA Mini Kit  Polymerase Yeast)
Poly(A) Polymerase Yeast 
Native Yeast Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 
Native Yeast Alcohol dehydrogenase 
Yeast Nuclei Isolation Kit 
Yeast Mitochondria Isolation Kit  Yeast Thioredoxin)
Recombinant (E.Coli) Yeast Thioredoxin  Human Gelatin)
Recombinant (yeast) Human Gelatin )
Enterokinase, bovine (yeast-derived) 
GS115-Zeo Yeast Strains 
Candida utilis Yeast Strains 
Pichiapink-4 Yeast Strains 
Pichiapink-1 Yeast Strains 
Antibody for Yeast AHA1p