BACKGROUND
Understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is very important to guide the transmission control strategy efficiently. typing traditional sports do not have enough discriminatory power to overcome the great plague. Here, we examine the potential of using the next-generation genome sequencing to identify the transmission chains associated outbreaks.
RESULTS
Over the long term (1997-2010) prospective, population-based molecular epidemiological surveillance consisting of a total of 2,301 patients, we identified a large outbreak caused by a strain of Mtb lineage Haarlem. The main measure performance results of whole genome sequencing (WGS) is the analysis of the degree of correlation with the analysis WGS contact tracing data and spatio-temporal distribution of plague cases. WGS analysis of 86 isolates revealed 85 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), grouping plague genome into seven groups (two to 24 isolates each), plus 36 unique SNP profile. WGS Results show that the first outbreak isolates were detected in 1997 were counterfeit clustered by classical genotype.
In 1998, one of the clones (called “Hamburg clone”) began to grow, apparently independently of differences in social environments initial case. genome-based grouping patterns that fit well with contact tracing data and geographic distribution of cases of grouping patterns based on the classic genotype. A maximum of three SNPs identified in the eight confirmed the chain of transmission from human to human, which involved 31 patients. We estimate the Mtb genome evolution rate of 0.4 mutations per genome per year. This level indicates that Mtb grown in natural hosts with a doubling time of about 22 h (400 generations per year). Based on genome variation is found, the emergence of clones Hamburg is dated back to the period between 1993 and 1997, then shortly before the discovery of the outbreak through epidemiological surveillance.
CONCLUSION
Our findings indicate that WGS is superior to conventional genotyping for tracking and investigating Mtb pathogenic micro-epidemics. WGS provides Mtb genome size evolution over time in the context of the natural host.
Highly multiplexed molecular inversion probe genotyping: SNP targeted more than 10,000 genotypes in a single test tube.
Large-scale genetic studies are very dependent on the multiplex SNP tests efficient and scalable. In this study, we report the development of Molecular Inversion Probe technology with four-color, single-array detection, applied to large scale genotyping of up to 12,000 SNPs per reaction. While generating 38 429 SNPs tests using this technology in a population of 30 trios of the family panel Humain Center d’Etude polymorphisms as part of the International HapMap project, we set up a conversion rate of approximately 90% of SNP with a concordance rate of> 99.6% and the level of completeness of> 98% to test the level of multiplexing up to 12,000plex.
) B-27 Serum-Free Supplement (50x) |
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| abx082466-10ml | Abbexa | 10 ml | EUR 328 |
, RAT, 100ML, 1/PACK) CORNING® T-CELL CULTURE SUPPLEMENT WITH CONA (IL-2 CULTURE SUPPLEMENT), RAT, 100ML, 1/PACK |
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| 354115 | CORNING | 1/pk | EUR 582 |
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Description: Cell Culture Reagents; Growth Supplements - DL |
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,From Bovine) Endothelial Cell Growth Supplement (ECGS),From Bovine |
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| CA080-005 | GenDepot | 5mg | Ask for price |
Endothelial Cell Growth Supplement (ECGS),From Bovine |
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| CA080-050 | GenDepot | 50mg | Ask for price |
) Reagent for Total Exosome Isolation (Culture Media Supplement) |
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| EIR-02 | Creative Biolabs | 50 ml | EUR 2071 |
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Description: This product is used for isolating exosomes from culture media supplement based on chemical precipitation isolation method. |
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 Exosome-depleted FBS Media Supplement Heat Inactivated - USA Certified |
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| EXO-FBSHI-250A-1 | SBI | 250 ml | EUR 893 |
Exosome-depleted FBS Media Supplement Heat Inactivated - USA Certified |
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| EXO-FBSHI-50A-1 | SBI | 50 ml | EUR 255 |
) Total Exosome RNA Extraction Kit (Biological Fluids/Culture Media Supplement) |
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| EIRK-03 | Creative Biolabs | 20 reactions | EUR 2817 |
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Description: This product is a useful tool for the isolation and efficient total RNA (miRNA and mRNAs) extraction from the total exosome population from human biofluids or cell culture media. |
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, 15MG, 1/PACK) CORNING® ENDOTHELIAL CELL GROWTH SUPPLEMENT (ECGS), 15MG, 1/PACK |
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| 354006 | CORNING | 1/pk | EUR 133 |
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Description: Cell Culture Reagents; Growth Supplements - DL |
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 CORNING® IL-3 CULTURE SUPPLEMENT, MOUSE, 25ML, 1/PACK |
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| 354040 | CORNING | 1/pk | EUR 277 |
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Description: Cell Culture Reagents; Cytokines Growth Factors - DL |
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 CORNING® ITS PREMIX UNIVERSAL CULTURE SUPPLEMENT, 20ML, 1/PACK |
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| 354350 | CORNING | 1/pk | EUR 401 |
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Description: Cell Culture Reagents; Growth Supplements - DL |
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 CORNING® ITS PREMIX UNIVERSAL CULTURE SUPPLEMENT, 5ML, 1/PACK |
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| 354351 | CORNING | 1/pk | EUR 154 |
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Description: Cell Culture Reagents; Growth Supplements - DL |
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 CORNING® ITS+ PREMIX UNIVERSAL CULTURE SUPPLEMENT, 20ML, 1/PACK |
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| 354352 | CORNING | 1/pk | EUR 136 |
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Description: Cell Culture Reagents; Growth Supplements - DL |
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, 100MG, 1/PACK) CORNING® ENDOTHELIAL CELL GROWTH SUPPLEMENT (ECGS), 100MG, 1/PACK |
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| 356006 | CORNING | 1/pk | EUR 422 |
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Description: Cell Culture Reagents; Growth Supplements - DL |
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 Yeast Extract |
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| G0961 | Bio Basic | 500g | EUR 81.32 |
Yeast Extract |
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| abx082370-500g | Abbexa | 500 g | EUR 217 |
Yeast Extract |
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| Y2007-050 | GenDepot | 500g | EUR 182 |
Yeast Extract |
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| Y2007-100 | GenDepot | 1Kg | EUR 246 |
Yeast Extract |
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| Y2007-250 | GenDepot | 2.5Kg | Ask for price |
Yeast Extract |
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| Y2007-500 | GenDepot | 5Kg | Ask for price |
Yeast Extract |
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| A2540-1000000 | ApexBio | 1000 g | EUR 216 |
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Description: microbial mediawater soluble portion of autolyzed yeast with intact B-complex vitaminsstore at room temperature |
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Yeast Extract |
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| A2540-500000 | ApexBio | 500 g | EUR 142 |
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Description: microbial mediawater soluble portion of autolyzed yeast with intact B-complex vitaminsstore at room temperature |
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Yeast Extract |
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| 146 | AthenaES | 500 g | EUR 87 |
 YEAST EXTRACT |
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| Y25-101-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 772 |
YEAST EXTRACT |
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| Y25-101-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | EUR 207 |
YEAST EXTRACT |
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| Y25-101-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 93 |
 CORNING® NU-SERUM™ GROWTH MEDIUM SUPPLEMENT, 100ML, 1/PACK |
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| 355100 | CORNING | 1/pk | EUR 100 |
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Description: Cell Culture Reagents; Growth Supplements - DL |
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 CORNING® NU-SERUM™ GROWTH MEDIUM SUPPLEMENT, 500ML, 1/PACK |
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| 355500 | CORNING | 1/pk | EUR 194 |
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Description: Cell Culture Reagents; Growth Supplements - DL |
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 Recombinant Yeast IDH1 Protein, Untagged, Yeast-1mg |
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| QP10670-1mg | EnQuireBio | 1mg | EUR 155 |
 Recombinant Yeast IDH1 Protein, Untagged, Yeast-50mg |
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| QP10670-50mg | EnQuireBio | 50mg | EUR 1043 |
 Recombinant Yeast IDH1 Protein, Untagged, Yeast-5mg |
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| QP10670-5mg | EnQuireBio | 5mg | EUR 201 |
 CORNING® NU-SERUM™ IV GROWTH MEDIUM SUPPLEMENT, 500ML, 1/PACK |
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| 355504 | CORNING | 1/pk | EUR 367 |
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Description: Cell Culture Reagents; Growth Supplements - DL |
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 500 ML RPMI 1640, 1X WITH GLUTAGRO™ SUPPLEMENT AND PHENOL RED |
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| 10-104-CV | CORNING | 500 mL/pk | EUR 125 |
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Description: Media Catalog; Classical Media |
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 Recombinant Yeast GLRX1 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-10ug |
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| QP11990-10ug | EnQuireBio | 10ug | EUR 155 |
 Recombinant Yeast GLRX1 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-1mg |
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| QP11990-1mg | EnQuireBio | 1mg | EUR 1561 |
 Recombinant Yeast GLRX1 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-50ug |
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| QP11990-50ug | EnQuireBio | 50ug | EUR 201 |
 Recombinant Yeast GLRX2 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-10ug |
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| QP11991-10ug | EnQuireBio | 10ug | EUR 155 |
 Recombinant Yeast GLRX2 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-1mg |
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| QP11991-1mg | EnQuireBio | 1mg | EUR 1561 |
 Recombinant Yeast GLRX2 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-50ug |
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| QP11991-50ug | EnQuireBio | 50ug | EUR 201 |
 Recombinant Yeast GLC8 |
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| 7-05266 | CHI Scientific | 10µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast GLC8 |
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| 7-05267 | CHI Scientific | 50µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast GLC8 |
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| 7-05268 | CHI Scientific | 1mg | Ask for price |
 Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin |
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| 7-06895 | CHI Scientific | 5µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin |
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| 7-06896 | CHI Scientific | 20µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin |
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| 7-06897 | CHI Scientific | 1mg | Ask for price |
 Yeast Thioredoxin Protein |
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| 20-abx260628 | Abbexa |
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 IL4 Yeast Protein |
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| 20-abx262078 | Abbexa |
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 IL2 Yeast Protein |
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| 20-abx262079 | Abbexa |
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 FNDC5, Yeast Protein |
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| 20-abx262686 | Abbexa |
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 Insulin Yeast Protein |
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| 20-abx262991 | Abbexa |
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 Trypsin, Yeast Protein |
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| 20-abx263463 | Abbexa |
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 Yeast AHA1 Protein |
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| SPR-314A | Stressmarq | 0.05 mg | EUR 261 |
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Description: His tagged recombinant yeast AHA1 Protein expressed in E. coli for WB, SDS-PAGE, Functional Assay. The biological activity of this protein has not yet been tested. |
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Yeast AHA1 Protein |
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| SPR-314B | Stressmarq | 0.1 mg | EUR 377 |
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Description: His tagged recombinant yeast AHA1 Protein expressed in E. coli for WB, SDS-PAGE, Functional Assay. The biological activity of this protein has not yet been tested. |
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Yeast AHA1 Protein |
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| SPR-314C | Stressmarq | 2x0.1 mg | EUR 564 |
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Description: His tagged recombinant yeast AHA1 Protein expressed in E. coli for WB, SDS-PAGE, Functional Assay. The biological activity of this protein has not yet been tested. |
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 Yeast extract, powder |
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| GE4420-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | EUR 43 |
Yeast extract, powder |
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| GE4420-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | EUR 110 |
Yeast extract, powder |
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| GE4420-250G | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 g | EUR 54 |
Yeast extract, powder |
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| GE4420-500G | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 g | EUR 78 |
 Hirudin) Recombinant (yeast) Hirudin |
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| RP-820 | Alpha Diagnostics | 10 ug | EUR 286 |
 Thioredoxin Reductase, Yeast |
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| LF-P0009 | Abfrontier | 0.5 mg | EUR 202 |
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Description: Thioredoxin Reductase, Yeast protein |
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 Thioredoxin 1, Yeast |
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| LF-P0036 | Abfrontier | 0.5 mg | EUR 303 |
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Description: Thioredoxin 1, Yeast protein |
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 Thioredoxin 2, Yeast |
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| LF-P0052 | Abfrontier | 0.5 mg | EUR 303 |
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Description: Thioredoxin 2, Yeast protein |
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 Glutathione Reductase, Yeast |
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| LF-P0071 | Abfrontier | 0.5 mg | EUR 202 |
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Description: Glutathione Reductase, Yeast protein |
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 YEAST NITROGEN BASE |
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| Y25-104-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 5682 |
YEAST NITROGEN BASE |
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| Y25-104-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | EUR 1274 |
YEAST NITROGEN BASE |
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| Y25-104-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 383 |
 Y187 Yeast Strains |
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| S0057 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 Y2HGold Yeast Strains |
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| S0058 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 X33 Yeast Strains |
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| S0059 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 KM71 Yeast Strains |
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| S0060 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 INVSC1 Yeast Strains |
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| S0061 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 BY4742 Yeast Strains |
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| S0062 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 AH109 Yeast Strains |
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| S0063 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 Y1HGold Yeast Strains |
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| S0064 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 BY4741 Yeast Strains |
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| S0065 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 GS115 Yeast Strains |
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| S0066 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 NMY51 Yeast Strains |
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| S0094 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 KM71H Yeast Strains |
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| S0100 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 ATCC9080 Yeast Strains |
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| S0109 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 EGY48 Yeast Strains |
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| S0112 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 SMD1168 Yeast Strains |
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| S0116 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 EBY100 Yeast Strains |
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| S0117 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 365 |
 X33 Yeast Strain |
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| STR0059 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 308 |
, in Earle's Balanced Salts.) Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium ITS, Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium Supplement (100X), in Earle's Balanced Salts. |
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| ITL03-10ML | Caisson Labs | 10 ml | EUR 112 |
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Description: ITS, Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium Supplement (100X), in Earle's Balanced Salts. |
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 Native Yeast Aldehyde Dehydrogenase |
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| NATE-0901 | Creative Enzymes | 100u | EUR 378 |
 Native Yeast Alcohol dehydrogenase |
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| NATE-0975 | Creative Enzymes | 50KU | EUR 270 |
) Yeast Glutaredoxin 2 (Recombinant) |
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| 20-abx073039 | Abbexa |
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) Yeast Glutaredoxin 1 (Recombinant) |
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| 20-abx073040 | Abbexa |
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) Yeast Thioredoxin Reductase (Recombinant) |
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| 20-abx073523 | Abbexa |
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 Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin Reductase |
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| 7-03685 | CHI Scientific | 5µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin Reductase |
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| 7-03686 | CHI Scientific | 20µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin Reductase |
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| 7-03687 | CHI Scientific | 1mg | Ask for price |
 Recombinant Human Trypsin, Yeast |
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| 7-06736 | CHI Scientific | 1mg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Human Trypsin, Yeast |
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| 7-06737 | CHI Scientific | 5mg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Human Trypsin, Yeast |
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| 7-06738 | CHI Scientific | 50mg | Ask for price |
 Recombinant Human Insulin Yeast |
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| 7-01120 | CHI Scientific | 2mg | Ask for price |
Furthermore, these individual metrics can be “traded off” and, at the expense of a small portion of the conversion rates, the accuracy can be improved to a very high level. No loss of performance seen when the scale of 6,000plex to 12,000plex the test, it validates the technological capability to suppress cross-reactivity at high multiplex level. These results indicate the suitability of this technology for a comprehensive association study using targeted SNPs in linkage disequilibrium studies indirectly or directly screen for the mutation causes.