BACKGROUND
Understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is very important to guide the transmission control strategy efficiently. typing traditional sports do not have enough discriminatory power to overcome the great plague. Here, we examine the potential of using the next-generation genome sequencing to identify the transmission chains associated outbreaks.
RESULTS
Over the long term (1997-2010) prospective, population-based molecular epidemiological surveillance consisting of a total of 2,301 patients, we identified a large outbreak caused by a strain of Mtb lineage Haarlem. The main measure performance results of whole genome sequencing (WGS) is the analysis of the degree of correlation with the analysis WGS contact tracing data and spatio-temporal distribution of plague cases. WGS analysis of 86 isolates revealed 85 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), grouping plague genome into seven groups (two to 24 isolates each), plus 36 unique SNP profile. WGS Results show that the first outbreak isolates were detected in 1997 were counterfeit clustered by classical genotype.
In 1998, one of the clones (called “Hamburg clone”) began to grow, apparently independently of differences in social environments initial case. genome-based grouping patterns that fit well with contact tracing data and geographic distribution of cases of grouping patterns based on the classic genotype. A maximum of three SNPs identified in the eight confirmed the chain of transmission from human to human, which involved 31 patients. We estimate the Mtb genome evolution rate of 0.4 mutations per genome per year. This level indicates that Mtb grown in natural hosts with a doubling time of about 22 h (400 generations per year). Based on genome variation is found, the emergence of clones Hamburg is dated back to the period between 1993 and 1997, then shortly before the discovery of the outbreak through epidemiological surveillance.
CONCLUSION
Our findings indicate that WGS is superior to conventional genotyping for tracking and investigating Mtb pathogenic micro-epidemics. WGS provides Mtb genome size evolution over time in the context of the natural host.

Highly multiplexed molecular inversion probe genotyping: SNP targeted more than 10,000 genotypes in a single test tube.
Large-scale genetic studies are very dependent on the multiplex SNP tests efficient and scalable. In this study, we report the development of Molecular Inversion Probe technology with four-color, single-array detection, applied to large scale genotyping of up to 12,000 SNPs per reaction. While generating 38 429 SNPs tests using this technology in a population of 30 trios of the family panel Humain Center d’Etude polymorphisms as part of the International HapMap project, we set up a conversion rate of approximately 90% of SNP with a concordance rate of> 99.6% and the level of completeness of> 98% to test the level of multiplexing up to 12,000plex.
Campylobacter Growth Supplement |
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MED1538 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 39.44 |
Bacitracin Selective Supplement |
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MED1540 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 33.86 |
Neomycin Selective Supplement |
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MED1546 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 30.78 |
Bordetella Selective Supplement |
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MED1548 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 41.04 |
Pseudomonas Selective Supplement |
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MED1558 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 124.26 |
Ampicillin Selective Supplement |
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MED1562 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 34.2 |
Kanamycin Selective Supplement |
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MED1564 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 50.39 |
PALCAM Selective Supplement |
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MED1566 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 69.54 |
B.cepacia Selective Supplement |
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MED1576 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 110.58 |
Supplement C 5Ml |
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252710 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK6 | EUR 364.8 |
GC LCAT Selective Supplement |
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MED1524 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 38.42 |
Staph/Strep Selective Supplement |
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MED1532 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 31.92 |
MRSA Broth Selective Supplement |
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MED1578 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 30.78 |
Bacillus cereus PEMBA Supplement |
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MED1580 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 33.06 |
Helicobacter pylori Selective Supplement |
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MED1674 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 66.12 |
Legionella GVPC Selective Supplement |
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MED1676 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 66.12 |
Legionella BCYE Growth Supplement |
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MED1678 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 80.94 |
Exosome-depleted FBS Media Supplement |
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EXO-FBS-250A-1 | SBI | 250 ml | EUR 1057.2 |
Exosome-depleted FBS Media Supplement |
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EXO-FBS-50A-1 | SBI | 50 ml | EUR 289.2 |
Yersinia CIN Selective Supplement 500mL |
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MED1582 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK10 | EUR 71.82 |
B-27 Serum-Free Supplement (50x) |
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abx082466-10ml | Abbexa | 10 ml | EUR 393.6 |
Endothelial Cell Growth Supplement (ECGS),From Bovine |
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CA080-005 | GenDepot | 5mg | Ask for price |
Endothelial Cell Growth Supplement (ECGS),From Bovine |
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CA080-050 | GenDepot | 50mg | Ask for price |
Reagent for Total Exosome Isolation (Culture Media Supplement) |
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EIR-02 | Creative Biolabs | 50 ml | EUR 2485.2 |
Description: This product is used for isolating exosomes from culture media supplement based on chemical precipitation isolation method. |
Exosome-depleted FBS Media Supplement Heat Inactivated - USA Certified |
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EXO-FBSHI-250A-1 | SBI | 250 ml | EUR 1071.6 |
Exosome-depleted FBS Media Supplement Heat Inactivated - USA Certified |
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EXO-FBSHI-50A-1 | SBI | 50 ml | EUR 306 |
Gibco Resurge CD1 Supplement Without Glucose and L-Glutamine |
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670011 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 239.4 |
Gibco Resurge CD2 Supplement Without Glucose and L-Glutamine |
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670015 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 239.4 |
Gibco Resurge CD3 Supplement Without Glucose and L-Glutamine |
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670018 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 238.26 |
Gibco Resurge CD4 Supplement Without Glucose and L-Glutamine |
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670021 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 238.26 |
Gibco Resurge CD5 Supplement Without Glucose and L-Glutamine |
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670024 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 239.4 |
Yeast Extract |
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abx082370-500g | Abbexa | 500 g | EUR 260.4 |
Yeast Extract |
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A2540-1000000 | ApexBio | 1000 g | EUR 259.2 |
Description: microbial mediawater soluble portion of autolyzed yeast with intact B-complex vitaminsstore at room temperature |
Yeast Extract |
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A2540-500000 | ApexBio | 500 g | EUR 170.4 |
Description: microbial mediawater soluble portion of autolyzed yeast with intact B-complex vitaminsstore at room temperature |
Yeast Extract |
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G0961 | Bio Basic | 500g | EUR 97.58 |
Yeast Extract |
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Y2007-050 | GenDepot | 500g | EUR 218.4 |
Yeast Extract |
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Y2007-100 | GenDepot | 1Kg | EUR 295.2 |
Yeast Extract |
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Y2007-250 | GenDepot | 2.5Kg | Ask for price |
Yeast Extract |
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Y2007-500 | GenDepot | 5Kg | Ask for price |
YEAST EXTRACT |
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Y25-101-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 926.4 |
YEAST EXTRACT |
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Y25-101-2Kg | Alphabiosciences | 2 Kg | EUR 248.4 |
YEAST EXTRACT |
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Y25-101-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 111.6 |
Yeast Extract |
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MED1522 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 42.75 |
Total Exosome RNA Extraction Kit (Biological Fluids/Culture Media Supplement) |
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EIRK-03 | Creative Biolabs | 20 reactions | EUR 3380.4 |
Description: This product is a useful tool for the isolation and efficient total RNA (miRNA and mRNAs) extraction from the total exosome population from human biofluids or cell culture media. |
Recombinant Yeast IDH1 Protein, Untagged, Yeast-1mg |
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QP10670-1mg | EnQuireBio | 1mg | EUR 186 |
Recombinant Yeast IDH1 Protein, Untagged, Yeast-50mg |
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QP10670-50mg | EnQuireBio | 50mg | EUR 1251.6 |
Recombinant Yeast IDH1 Protein, Untagged, Yeast-5mg |
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QP10670-5mg | EnQuireBio | 5mg | EUR 241.2 |
Recombinant Yeast GLRX1 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-10ug |
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QP11990-10ug | EnQuireBio | 10ug | EUR 186 |
Recombinant Yeast GLRX1 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-1mg |
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QP11990-1mg | EnQuireBio | 1mg | EUR 1873.2 |
Recombinant Yeast GLRX1 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-50ug |
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QP11990-50ug | EnQuireBio | 50ug | EUR 241.2 |
Recombinant Yeast GLRX2 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-10ug |
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QP11991-10ug | EnQuireBio | 10ug | EUR 186 |
Recombinant Yeast GLRX2 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-1mg |
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QP11991-1mg | EnQuireBio | 1mg | EUR 1873.2 |
Recombinant Yeast GLRX2 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-50ug |
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QP11991-50ug | EnQuireBio | 50ug | EUR 241.2 |
Recombinant Yeast GLC8 |
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7-05266 | CHI Scientific | 10µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast GLC8 |
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7-05267 | CHI Scientific | 50µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast GLC8 |
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7-05268 | CHI Scientific | 1mg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin |
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7-06895 | CHI Scientific | 5µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin |
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7-06896 | CHI Scientific | 20µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin |
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7-06897 | CHI Scientific | 1mg | Ask for price |
Yeast Thioredoxin Protein |
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20-abx260628 | Abbexa |
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IL4 Yeast Protein |
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20-abx262078 | Abbexa |
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IL2 Yeast Protein |
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20-abx262079 | Abbexa |
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FNDC5, Yeast Protein |
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20-abx262686 | Abbexa |
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Insulin Yeast Protein |
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20-abx262991 | Abbexa |
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Trypsin, Yeast Protein |
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20-abx263463 | Abbexa |
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Thioredoxin Reductase, Yeast |
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LF-P0009 | Abfrontier | 0.5 mg | EUR 242.4 |
Description: Thioredoxin Reductase, Yeast protein |
Thioredoxin 1, Yeast |
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LF-P0036 | Abfrontier | 0.5 mg | EUR 363.6 |
Description: Thioredoxin 1, Yeast protein |
Thioredoxin 2, Yeast |
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LF-P0052 | Abfrontier | 0.5 mg | EUR 363.6 |
Description: Thioredoxin 2, Yeast protein |
Glutathione Reductase, Yeast |
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LF-P0071 | Abfrontier | 0.5 mg | EUR 242.4 |
Description: Glutathione Reductase, Yeast protein |
Yeast extract, powder |
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GE4420-100G | Glentham Life Sciences | 100 g | EUR 51.6 |
Yeast extract, powder |
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GE4420-1KG | Glentham Life Sciences | 1 kg | EUR 132 |
Yeast extract, powder |
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GE4420-250G | Glentham Life Sciences | 250 g | EUR 64.8 |
Yeast extract, powder |
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GE4420-500G | Glentham Life Sciences | 500 g | EUR 93.6 |
Y187 Yeast Strains |
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S0057 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
Y2HGold Yeast Strains |
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S0058 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
X33 Yeast Strains |
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S0059 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
KM71 Yeast Strains |
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S0060 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
INVSC1 Yeast Strains |
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S0061 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
BY4742 Yeast Strains |
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S0062 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
AH109 Yeast Strains |
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S0063 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
Y1HGold Yeast Strains |
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S0064 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
BY4741 Yeast Strains |
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S0065 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
GS115 Yeast Strains |
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S0066 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
NMY51 Yeast Strains |
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S0094 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
KM71H Yeast Strains |
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S0100 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
ATCC9080 Yeast Strains |
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S0109 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
EGY48 Yeast Strains |
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S0112 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
SMD1168 Yeast Strains |
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S0116 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
EBY100 Yeast Strains |
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S0117 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
Yeast AHA1 Protein |
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SPR-314A | Stressmarq | 0.05 mg | EUR 313.2 |
Description: His tagged recombinant yeast AHA1 Protein expressed in E. coli for WB, SDS-PAGE, Functional Assay. The biological activity of this protein has not yet been tested. |
Yeast AHA1 Protein |
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SPR-314B | Stressmarq | 0.1 mg | EUR 452.4 |
Description: His tagged recombinant yeast AHA1 Protein expressed in E. coli for WB, SDS-PAGE, Functional Assay. The biological activity of this protein has not yet been tested. |
Yeast AHA1 Protein |
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SPR-314C | Stressmarq | 2x0.1 mg | EUR 676.8 |
Description: His tagged recombinant yeast AHA1 Protein expressed in E. coli for WB, SDS-PAGE, Functional Assay. The biological activity of this protein has not yet been tested. |
X33 Yeast Strain |
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STR0059 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 369.6 |
Recombinant (yeast) Hirudin |
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RP-820 | Alpha Diagnostics | 10 ug | EUR 343.2 |
YEAST NITROGEN BASE |
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Y25-104-10kg | Alphabiosciences | 10 kg | EUR 6818.4 |
YEAST NITROGEN BASE |
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Y25-104-2kg | Alphabiosciences | 2kg | EUR 1528.8 |
YEAST NITROGEN BASE |
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Y25-104-500g | Alphabiosciences | 500 g | EUR 459.6 |
Yeast Extract Agar |
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MED1080 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | PK6 | EUR 51.98 |
Yeast Extract Agar |
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MED1480 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 83.22 |
Gibco Yeast Extract |
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211929 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 112.06 |
Gibco Yeast Extract |
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211930 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 495.9 |
Yeast buffer kit |
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28944045 | Scientific Laboratory Supplies | EACH | EUR 124.26 |
Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium ITS, Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium Supplement (100X), in Earle's Balanced Salts. |
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ITL03-10ML | Caisson Labs | 10 ml | EUR 134.4 |
Description: ITS, Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium Supplement (100X), in Earle's Balanced Salts. |
Recombinant Human Insulin Yeast |
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7-01120 | CHI Scientific | 2mg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Human Insulin Yeast |
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7-01121 | CHI Scientific | 10mg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Human Insulin Yeast |
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7-01122 | CHI Scientific | 100mg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Human Trypsin, Yeast |
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7-06736 | CHI Scientific | 1mg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Human Trypsin, Yeast |
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7-06737 | CHI Scientific | 5mg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Human Trypsin, Yeast |
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7-06738 | CHI Scientific | 50mg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Glutaredoxin 1 |
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7-02842 | CHI Scientific | 10µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Glutaredoxin 1 |
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7-02843 | CHI Scientific | 50µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Glutaredoxin 1 |
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7-02844 | CHI Scientific | 1mg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Glutaredoxin 2 |
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7-02848 | CHI Scientific | 10µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Glutaredoxin 2 |
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7-02849 | CHI Scientific | 50µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Glutaredoxin 2 |
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7-02850 | CHI Scientific | 1mg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin Reductase |
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7-03685 | CHI Scientific | 5µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin Reductase |
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7-03686 | CHI Scientific | 20µg | Ask for price |
Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin Reductase |
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7-03687 | CHI Scientific | 1mg | Ask for price |
Yeast Cell Ag antibody |
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20R-YG001 | Fitzgerald | 1 ml | EUR 678 |
Description: Goat polyclonal Yeast Cell Ag antibody |
Yeast Mitochondria (Pichia pastoris) |
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1111-200 | Biovision | 200 ug | EUR 354.24 |
Description: Mitochondria are the power house of the cells as they generate most of the supply of energy in the form of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). Mitochondria are double membrane organelles comprising of an outer membrane and a folded inner membrane called cristae. Isolated mitochondria are a useful tool to study mitochondrial respiration, assembly of the respiratory complexes, apoptosis, mtDNA, mtRNA, protein profiling, and as a loading control. Highly pure yeast mitochondria are purified using standard protocol as mentioned in the Yeast Mitochondria Isolation Kit - Cat # K259-100 from Pichia pastoris. |
Yeast Mitochondria (Pichia pastoris) |
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1111-50 | Biovision | 50 ug | EUR 174.24 |
Description: Mitochondria are the power house of the cells as they generate most of the supply of energy in the form of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). Mitochondria are double membrane organelles comprising of an outer membrane and a folded inner membrane called cristae. Isolated mitochondria are a useful tool to study mitochondrial respiration, assembly of the respiratory complexes, apoptosis, mtDNA, mtRNA, protein profiling, and as a loading control. Highly pure yeast mitochondria are purified using standard protocol as mentioned in the Yeast Mitochondria Isolation Kit - Cat # K259-100 from Pichia pastoris. |
Yeast Glutaredoxin 2 (Recombinant) |
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20-abx073039 | Abbexa |
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Yeast Glutaredoxin 1 (Recombinant) |
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20-abx073040 | Abbexa |
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Yeast Thioredoxin Reductase (Recombinant) |
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20-abx073523 | Abbexa |
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Native Yeast Aldehyde Dehydrogenase |
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NATE-0901 | Creative Enzymes | 100u | EUR 453.6 |
Native Yeast Alcohol dehydrogenase |
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NATE-0975 | Creative Enzymes | 50KU | EUR 324 |
GLC8 Yeast Recombinant Protein |
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PROTP41818 | BosterBio | Regular: 50ug | EUR 380.4 |
Description: GLC8 Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Recombinant produced in E.coli is a single, glycosylated polypeptide chain containing 265 amino acids (1-229) and having a molecular mass of 30.7 kDa (molecular size on SDS-PAGE will appear higher). ;The GLC8 is fused to a 35 amino acid His Tag at N-Terminus and purified by standard chromatography techniques. |
Enterokinase, bovine (yeast-derived) |
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RC572-12 | Bio Basic | 250U | EUR 451.5 |
GS115-Zeo Yeast Strains |
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S0056 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
Candida utilis Yeast Strains |
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S0067 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
Pichiapink-4 Yeast Strains |
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S0118 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
Pichiapink-1 Yeast Strains |
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S0119 | Lifescience Market | 100 ul | EUR 438 |
Furthermore, these individual metrics can be “traded off” and, at the expense of a small portion of the conversion rates, the accuracy can be improved to a very high level. No loss of performance seen when the scale of 6,000plex to 12,000plex the test, it validates the technological capability to suppress cross-reactivity at high multiplex level. These results indicate the suitability of this technology for a comprehensive association study using targeted SNPs in linkage disequilibrium studies indirectly or directly screen for the mutation causes.