BACKGROUND
Understanding Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is very important to guide the transmission control strategy efficiently. typing traditional sports do not have enough discriminatory power to overcome the great plague. Here, we examine the potential of using the next-generation genome sequencing to identify the transmission chains associated outbreaks.

RESULTS
Over the long term (1997-2010) prospective, population-based molecular epidemiological surveillance consisting of a total of 2,301 patients, we identified a large outbreak caused by a strain of Mtb lineage Haarlem. The main measure performance results of whole genome sequencing (WGS) is the analysis of the degree of correlation with the analysis WGS contact tracing data and spatio-temporal distribution of plague cases. WGS analysis of 86 isolates revealed 85 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), grouping plague genome into seven groups (two to 24 isolates each), plus 36 unique SNP profile. WGS Results show that the first outbreak isolates were detected in 1997 were counterfeit clustered by classical genotype.

In 1998, one of the clones (called “Hamburg clone”) began to grow, apparently independently of differences in social environments initial case. genome-based grouping patterns that fit well with contact tracing data and geographic distribution of cases of grouping patterns based on the classic genotype. A maximum of three SNPs identified in the eight confirmed the chain of transmission from human to human, which involved 31 patients. We estimate the Mtb genome evolution rate of 0.4 mutations per genome per year. This level indicates that Mtb grown in natural hosts with a doubling time of about 22 h (400 generations per year). Based on genome variation is found, the emergence of clones Hamburg is dated back to the period between 1993 and 1997, then shortly before the discovery of the outbreak through epidemiological surveillance.

CONCLUSION
Our findings indicate that WGS is superior to conventional genotyping for tracking and investigating Mtb pathogenic micro-epidemics. WGS provides Mtb genome size evolution over time in the context of the natural host.

Highly multiplexed molecular inversion probe genotyping: SNP targeted more than 10,000 genotypes in a single test tube.

Large-scale genetic studies are very dependent on the multiplex SNP tests efficient and scalable. In this study, we report the development of Molecular Inversion Probe technology with four-color, single-array detection, applied to large scale genotyping of up to 12,000 SNPs per reaction. While generating 38 429 SNPs tests using this technology in a population of 30 trios of the family panel Humain Center d’Etude polymorphisms as part of the International HapMap project, we set up a conversion rate of approximately 90% of SNP with a concordance rate of> 99.6% and the level of completeness of> 98% to test the level of multiplexing up to 12,000plex.

Campylobacter Growth Supplement
MED1538	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 39.44

Bacitracin Selective Supplement
MED1540	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 33.86

Neomycin Selective Supplement
MED1546	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 30.78

Bordetella Selective Supplement
MED1548	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 41.04

Pseudomonas Selective Supplement
MED1558	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 124.26

Ampicillin Selective Supplement
MED1562	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 34.2

Kanamycin Selective Supplement
MED1564	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 50.39

PALCAM Selective Supplement
MED1566	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 69.54

B.cepacia Selective Supplement
MED1576	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 110.58

Supplement C 5Ml
252710	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK6	EUR 364.8

GC LCAT Selective Supplement
MED1524	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 38.42

Staph/Strep Selective Supplement
MED1532	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 31.92

MRSA Broth Selective Supplement
MED1578	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 30.78

Bacillus cereus PEMBA Supplement
MED1580	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 33.06

Helicobacter pylori Selective Supplement
MED1674	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 66.12

Legionella GVPC Selective Supplement
MED1676	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 66.12

Legionella BCYE Growth Supplement
MED1678	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 80.94

Exosome-depleted FBS Media Supplement
EXO-FBS-250A-1	SBI	250 ml	EUR 1057.2

Exosome-depleted FBS Media Supplement
EXO-FBS-50A-1	SBI	50 ml	EUR 289.2

Yersinia CIN Selective Supplement 500mL
MED1582	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK10	EUR 71.82

B-27 Serum-Free Supplement (50x)
abx082466-10ml	Abbexa	10 ml	EUR 393.6

Endothelial Cell Growth Supplement (ECGS),From Bovine
CA080-005	GenDepot	5mg	Ask for price

Endothelial Cell Growth Supplement (ECGS),From Bovine
CA080-050	GenDepot	50mg	Ask for price

Reagent for Total Exosome Isolation (Culture Media Supplement)
EIR-02	Creative Biolabs	50 ml	EUR 2485.2
Description: This product is used for isolating exosomes from culture media supplement based on chemical precipitation isolation method.

Exosome-depleted FBS Media Supplement Heat Inactivated - USA Certified
EXO-FBSHI-250A-1	SBI	250 ml	EUR 1071.6

Exosome-depleted FBS Media Supplement Heat Inactivated - USA Certified
EXO-FBSHI-50A-1	SBI	50 ml	EUR 306

Gibco Resurge CD1 Supplement Without Glucose and L-Glutamine
670011	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 239.4

Gibco Resurge CD2 Supplement Without Glucose and L-Glutamine
670015	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 239.4

Gibco Resurge CD3 Supplement Without Glucose and L-Glutamine
670018	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 238.26

Gibco Resurge CD4 Supplement Without Glucose and L-Glutamine
670021	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 238.26

Gibco Resurge CD5 Supplement Without Glucose and L-Glutamine
670024	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 239.4

Yeast Extract
abx082370-500g	Abbexa	500 g	EUR 260.4

Yeast Extract
A2540-1000000	ApexBio	1000 g	EUR 259.2
Description: microbial mediawater soluble portion of autolyzed yeast with intact B-complex vitaminsstore at room temperature

Yeast Extract
A2540-500000	ApexBio	500 g	EUR 170.4
Description: microbial mediawater soluble portion of autolyzed yeast with intact B-complex vitaminsstore at room temperature

Yeast Extract
G0961	Bio Basic	500g	EUR 97.58

Yeast Extract
Y2007-050	GenDepot	500g	EUR 218.4

Yeast Extract
Y2007-100	GenDepot	1Kg	EUR 295.2

Yeast Extract
Y2007-250	GenDepot	2.5Kg	Ask for price

Yeast Extract
Y2007-500	GenDepot	5Kg	Ask for price

YEAST EXTRACT
Y25-101-10kg	Alphabiosciences	10 kg	EUR 926.4

YEAST EXTRACT
Y25-101-2Kg	Alphabiosciences	2 Kg	EUR 248.4

YEAST EXTRACT
Y25-101-500g	Alphabiosciences	500 g	EUR 111.6

Yeast Extract
MED1522	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 42.75

Total Exosome RNA Extraction Kit (Biological Fluids/Culture Media Supplement)
EIRK-03	Creative Biolabs	20 reactions	EUR 3380.4
Description: This product is a useful tool for the isolation and efficient total RNA (miRNA and mRNAs) extraction from the total exosome population from human biofluids or cell culture media.

Recombinant Yeast IDH1 Protein, Untagged, Yeast-1mg
QP10670-1mg	EnQuireBio	1mg	EUR 186

Recombinant Yeast IDH1 Protein, Untagged, Yeast-50mg
QP10670-50mg	EnQuireBio	50mg	EUR 1251.6

Recombinant Yeast IDH1 Protein, Untagged, Yeast-5mg
QP10670-5mg	EnQuireBio	5mg	EUR 241.2

Recombinant Yeast GLRX1 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-10ug
QP11990-10ug	EnQuireBio	10ug	EUR 186

Recombinant Yeast GLRX1 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-1mg
QP11990-1mg	EnQuireBio	1mg	EUR 1873.2

Recombinant Yeast GLRX1 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-50ug
QP11990-50ug	EnQuireBio	50ug	EUR 241.2

Recombinant Yeast GLRX2 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-10ug
QP11991-10ug	EnQuireBio	10ug	EUR 186

Recombinant Yeast GLRX2 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-1mg
QP11991-1mg	EnQuireBio	1mg	EUR 1873.2

Recombinant Yeast GLRX2 Yeast Protein, His, E.coli-50ug
QP11991-50ug	EnQuireBio	50ug	EUR 241.2

Recombinant Yeast GLC8
7-05266	CHI Scientific	10µg	Ask for price

Recombinant Yeast GLC8
7-05267	CHI Scientific	50µg	Ask for price

Recombinant Yeast GLC8
7-05268	CHI Scientific	1mg	Ask for price

Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin
7-06895	CHI Scientific	5µg	Ask for price

Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin
7-06896	CHI Scientific	20µg	Ask for price

Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin
7-06897	CHI Scientific	1mg	Ask for price

Yeast Thioredoxin Protein
20-abx260628	Abbexa	EUR 3650.40 EUR 393.60 EUR 276.00	1 mg 20 ug 5 ug

IL4 Yeast Protein
20-abx262078	Abbexa	EUR 393.60 EUR 5856.00 EUR 276.00	10 ug 1 mg 2 µg

IL2 Yeast Protein
20-abx262079	Abbexa	EUR 393.60 EUR 5856.00 EUR 276.00	10 ug 1 mg 2 µg

FNDC5, Yeast Protein
20-abx262686	Abbexa	EUR 393.60 EUR 7676.40 EUR 276.00	10 ug 1 mg 2 µg

Insulin Yeast Protein
20-abx262991	Abbexa	EUR 1062.00 EUR 393.60 EUR 276.00	100 mg 10 mg 2 mg

Trypsin, Yeast Protein
20-abx263463	Abbexa	EUR 393.60 EUR 7676.40 EUR 276.00	10 ug 1 mg 2 µg

Thioredoxin Reductase, Yeast
LF-P0009	Abfrontier	0.5 mg	EUR 242.4
Description: Thioredoxin Reductase, Yeast protein

Thioredoxin 1, Yeast
LF-P0036	Abfrontier	0.5 mg	EUR 363.6
Description: Thioredoxin 1, Yeast protein

Thioredoxin 2, Yeast
LF-P0052	Abfrontier	0.5 mg	EUR 363.6
Description: Thioredoxin 2, Yeast protein

Glutathione Reductase, Yeast
LF-P0071	Abfrontier	0.5 mg	EUR 242.4
Description: Glutathione Reductase, Yeast protein

Yeast extract, powder
GE4420-100G	Glentham Life Sciences	100 g	EUR 51.6

Yeast extract, powder
GE4420-1KG	Glentham Life Sciences	1 kg	EUR 132

Yeast extract, powder
GE4420-250G	Glentham Life Sciences	250 g	EUR 64.8

Yeast extract, powder
GE4420-500G	Glentham Life Sciences	500 g	EUR 93.6

Y187 Yeast Strains
S0057	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

Y2HGold Yeast Strains
S0058	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

X33 Yeast Strains
S0059	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

KM71 Yeast Strains
S0060	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

INVSC1 Yeast Strains
S0061	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

BY4742 Yeast Strains
S0062	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

AH109 Yeast Strains
S0063	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

Y1HGold Yeast Strains
S0064	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

BY4741 Yeast Strains
S0065	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

GS115 Yeast Strains
S0066	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

NMY51 Yeast Strains
S0094	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

KM71H Yeast Strains
S0100	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

ATCC9080 Yeast Strains
S0109	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

EGY48 Yeast Strains
S0112	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

SMD1168 Yeast Strains
S0116	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

EBY100 Yeast Strains
S0117	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 438

Yeast AHA1 Protein
SPR-314A	Stressmarq	0.05 mg	EUR 313.2
Description: His tagged recombinant yeast AHA1 Protein expressed in E. coli for WB, SDS-PAGE, Functional Assay. The biological activity of this protein has not yet been tested.

Yeast AHA1 Protein
SPR-314B	Stressmarq	0.1 mg	EUR 452.4
Description: His tagged recombinant yeast AHA1 Protein expressed in E. coli for WB, SDS-PAGE, Functional Assay. The biological activity of this protein has not yet been tested.

Yeast AHA1 Protein
SPR-314C	Stressmarq	2x0.1 mg	EUR 676.8
Description: His tagged recombinant yeast AHA1 Protein expressed in E. coli for WB, SDS-PAGE, Functional Assay. The biological activity of this protein has not yet been tested.

X33 Yeast Strain
STR0059	Lifescience Market	100 ul	EUR 369.6

Recombinant (yeast) Hirudin
RP-820	Alpha Diagnostics	10 ug	EUR 343.2

YEAST NITROGEN BASE
Y25-104-10kg	Alphabiosciences	10 kg	EUR 6818.4

YEAST NITROGEN BASE
Y25-104-2kg	Alphabiosciences	2kg	EUR 1528.8

YEAST NITROGEN BASE
Y25-104-500g	Alphabiosciences	500 g	EUR 459.6

Yeast Extract Agar
MED1080	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	PK6	EUR 51.98

Yeast Extract Agar
MED1480	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 83.22

Gibco Yeast Extract
211929	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 112.06

Gibco Yeast Extract
211930	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 495.9

Yeast buffer kit
28944045	Scientific Laboratory Supplies	EACH	EUR 124.26

Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium ITS, Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium Supplement (100X), in Earle's Balanced Salts.
ITL03-10ML	Caisson Labs	10 ml	EUR 134.4
Description: ITS, Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium Supplement (100X), in Earle's Balanced Salts.

Recombinant Human Insulin Yeast
7-01120	CHI Scientific	2mg	Ask for price

Recombinant Human Insulin Yeast
7-01121	CHI Scientific	10mg	Ask for price

Recombinant Human Insulin Yeast
7-01122	CHI Scientific	100mg	Ask for price

Insulin, human recombinant (Yeast)
4773-25	Biovision		EUR 1305.6

Insulin, human recombinant (Yeast)
4773-5	Biovision		EUR 477.6

Recombinant Human Trypsin, Yeast
7-06736	CHI Scientific	1mg	Ask for price

Recombinant Human Trypsin, Yeast
7-06737	CHI Scientific	5mg	Ask for price

Recombinant Human Trypsin, Yeast
7-06738	CHI Scientific	50mg	Ask for price

Recombinant Yeast Glutaredoxin 1
7-02842	CHI Scientific	10µg	Ask for price

Recombinant Yeast Glutaredoxin 1
7-02843	CHI Scientific	50µg	Ask for price

Recombinant Yeast Glutaredoxin 1
7-02844	CHI Scientific	1mg	Ask for price

Recombinant Yeast Glutaredoxin 2
7-02848	CHI Scientific	10µg	Ask for price

Recombinant Yeast Glutaredoxin 2
7-02849	CHI Scientific	50µg	Ask for price

Recombinant Yeast Glutaredoxin 2
7-02850	CHI Scientific	1mg	Ask for price

Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin Reductase
7-03685	CHI Scientific	5µg	Ask for price

Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin Reductase
7-03686	CHI Scientific	20µg	Ask for price

Recombinant Yeast Thioredoxin Reductase
7-03687	CHI Scientific	1mg	Ask for price

Yeast Cell Ag antibody
20R-YG001	Fitzgerald	1 ml	EUR 678
Description: Goat polyclonal Yeast Cell Ag antibody

Yeast Mitochondria (Pichia pastoris)
1111-200	Biovision	200 ug	EUR 354.24
Description: Mitochondria are the power house of the cells as they generate most of the supply of energy in the form of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). Mitochondria are double membrane organelles comprising of an outer membrane and a folded inner membrane called cristae. Isolated mitochondria are a useful tool to study mitochondrial respiration, assembly of the respiratory complexes, apoptosis, mtDNA, mtRNA, protein profiling, and as a loading control. Highly pure yeast mitochondria are purified using standard protocol as mentioned in the Yeast Mitochondria Isolation Kit - Cat # K259-100 from Pichia pastoris.

Yeast Mitochondria (Pichia pastoris)
1111-50	Biovision	50 ug	EUR 174.24
Description: Mitochondria are the power house of the cells as they generate most of the supply of energy in the form of adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP). Mitochondria are double membrane organelles comprising of an outer membrane and a folded inner membrane called cristae. Isolated mitochondria are a useful tool to study mitochondrial respiration, assembly of the respiratory complexes, apoptosis, mtDNA, mtRNA, protein profiling, and as a loading control. Highly pure yeast mitochondria are purified using standard protocol as mentioned in the Yeast Mitochondria Isolation Kit - Cat # K259-100 from Pichia pastoris.

Yeast Mitochondria (S. cerevisiae)
1222-200	Biovision		EUR 510

Yeast Mitochondria (S. cerevisiae)
1222-50	Biovision		EUR 248.4

Yeast Glutaredoxin 2 (Recombinant)
20-abx073039	Abbexa	EUR 276.00 EUR 2364.00 EUR 393.60	10 ug 1 mg 50 ug

Yeast Glutaredoxin 1 (Recombinant)
20-abx073040	Abbexa	EUR 276.00 EUR 2364.00 EUR 393.60	10 ug 1 mg 50 ug

Yeast Thioredoxin Reductase (Recombinant)
20-abx073523	Abbexa	EUR 4803.60 EUR 393.60 EUR 276.00	1 mg 20 ug 5 ug

Poly(A) Polymerase Yeast
M1215-100	Biovision		EUR 333.6

Native Yeast Aldehyde Dehydrogenase
NATE-0901	Creative Enzymes	100u	EUR 453.6

Native Yeast Alcohol dehydrogenase
NATE-0975	Creative Enzymes	50KU	EUR 324

Yeast Nuclei Isolation Kit
K289-50	Biovision		EUR 470.4

Furthermore, these individual metrics can be “traded off” and, at the expense of a small portion of the conversion rates, the accuracy can be improved to a very high level. No loss of performance seen when the scale of 6,000plex to 12,000plex the test, it validates the technological capability to suppress cross-reactivity at high multiplex level. These results indicate the suitability of this technology for a comprehensive association study using targeted SNPs in linkage disequilibrium studies indirectly or directly screen for the mutation causes.