Population studies have recently revealed that some of the major clonal lineages of Toxoplasma gondii dominate in different geographical areas. The lineage of Type II and III are widespread in all continents and dominate in Europe, Africa and North America. In addition, type 12 lineage is the most common type of wildlife in North America, Africa 1 and 3 is one of the main species in Africa, and ToxoDB PCR-RFLP # 9 is the kind of big in China. Overall strains of T. gondii were more diverse in South America than any other region. Here, we analyzed 164 isolates of T. gondii from three Central American countries (Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica), from one country in the Caribbean (Grenada) and five countries of South America (Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Chile, and Argentina ).
The multilocous polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) genotyping based on 11 polymorphic markers (SAG1, SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BtuB, GRA6, L358, PK1, C22-8, C29-2 and Apico) applied for 148 domestic poultry (Gallus domesticus) isolates and 16 isolates from the domestic cat (Felis catus) in Colombia; 42 genotypes were identified. Linkage disequilibrium analysis showed genetic recombination more frequently in populations of Nicaragua and Colombia, and to a lesser degree in the population of Costa Rica and Argentina. Bayesian structural analysis identified at least three groups of genetic and phylogenetic network analysis identifies four main groups. The ToxoDB PCR-RFLP # 7, Type III and II major lineages identified from Central and South America, with a high frequency of ToxoDB PCR-RFLP # 7 and Type III is closely related lineages.
direct molecular blood test for early Lyme disease can not be sensitive because of the low number of outstanding Borrelia burgdorferi DNA. To address these challenges, we have developed a strategy and genotype sensitive to detect B. burgdorferi directly from whole blood collected during the initial patient visit. This strategy increases sensitivity by using 1.25 mL of whole blood, a novel pre-enrichment of the entire specimen extracts to Borrelia multi-locus DNA prior to PCR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection assay. We evaluate the blood test were collected at initial presentation of 21 patients of endemic areas who have both physician-diagnosed erythema migrans (EM) and serology two positive level either at baseline or follow-up visit after three weeks of antibiotic therapy.
Molecular genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from Central and South America revealed high diversity within and between populations.
molecular genotyping of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus through enhanced fluorofor repetitive-sequence-PCR.
methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections and community acquired. Accurate, fast epidemiological typing is very important to identify the source and spread of infectious diseases and can provide detailed information about the generation of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. A high level of genetic linkage strains of MRSA have barred the use of the more conventional methods of genetic fingerprinting. A DNA fingerprinting method that exploit the rapid PCR amplification of repetitive DNA sequences in MRSA described.
Description: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a protein secreted by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, NK cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. GM-CSF stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes. Bovine GM-CSF Recombinant Protein is purified GM-CSF produced in yeast.
Description: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is also known as Colony stimulating factor 2 (granulocyte-macrophage), is a cytokine initially characterized by its ability to induce colonies of granulocytes and macrophages from myeloid progenitor cells, and is secreted by macrophages, T cells, mast cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. GM-CSF is a cytokine that functions as a white blood cell growth factor. GM-CSF stimulates stem cells to produce granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils) and monocytes. Monocytes exitthe circulation and migrate into tissue, whereupon they mature into macrophages and dendritic cells. Thus, it is part of the immune/inflammatory cascade, by which activation of a small number of macrophages can rapidly lead to an increase in their numbers, a process crucial for fighting infection. The active form of the protein is found extracellularly as a homodimer. Human GM-CSF glycosylated in its mature form. As a part of the immune/inflammatory cascade, GM-CSF promotes Th1 biased immune response, angiogenesis, allergic inflammation, and the development of autoimmunity, and thus worthy of consideration for therapeutic target. GM-CSF has also recently been evaluated in clinical trials for its potential as a vaccine adjuvant in HIV-infected patients. The preliminary results have been promising. GM-CSF is also used as a medication to stimulate the production of white blood cells following chemotherapy.
Description: GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor that is produced by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes following their activation by antigens or mitogens. GM-CSF stimulates the development of macrophages and neutrophils and plays a role in the proliferation and development of early erythroid megakaryocytic and eosinophilic progenitor cells. Approximately 90% of the secreted colony stimulating activities are due to GM-CSF. While non-glycosylated and glycosylated GM-CSF show similar activities in vitro, fully glycosylated GM-CSF is biologically more active in vivo compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart. Human and murine GM-CSF are species-specific and therefore, exhibit no cross-reactivity. Recombinant Human GM-CSF is a non-glycosylated, monomeric protein that contains intra-chain disulfide bonds.
Description: GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor that is produced by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes following their activation by antigens or mitogens. GM-CSF stimulates the development of macrophages and neutrophils and plays a role in the proliferation and development of early erythroid megakaryocytic and eosinophilic progenitor cells. Approximately 90% of the secreted colony stimulating activities are due to GM-CSF. While non-glycosylated and glycosylated GM-CSF show similar activities in vitro, fully glycosylated GM-CSF is biologically more active in vivo compared to its non-glycosylated counterpart. Human and murine GM-CSF are species-specific and therefore, exhibit no cross-reactivity. Recombinant Human GM-CSF is a non-glycosylated, monomeric protein that contains intra-chain disulfide bonds.
Description: GM-CSF is a monomeric protein of 127 amino acids with two glycosylation sites. The protein is synthesized as a precursor of 144 amino acids, which included a hydrophobic secretory signal sequence at the amino terminal end. The sugar moiety is not required for the full spectrum of biological activities. Non-glycosylated and glycosylated GM-CSF show the same activities in vitro. Fully glycosylated GM-CSF is biologically more active in vivo than the non-glycosylated protein. This protein is secreted together with other factors by T cells and macrophages following cell activation by antigens or mitogens. Approximately 90% of the secreted colony stimulating activities are due to GM-CSF.
Description: GM-CSF is a monomeric cytokine with two glycosylation sites that stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells from various lineages, including granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and erythrocytes. CSF2 is secreted together with other factors by T cells and macrophages following cell activation by antigens or mitogens. The signalling ‘GM-CSF:receptor’ complex is a dodecamer of two hexamers of two alpha, two beta, and two ligand subunits. While non-glycosylated and glycosylated GM-CSF show similar activities in vitro, fully glycosylated GM-CSF is biologically more active in vivo. Recombinant Mouse CSF2 is a non-glycosylated, monomeric protein.
Description: GM-CSF is a monomeric cytokine with two glycosylation sites that stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells from various lineages, including granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and erythrocytes. CSF2 is secreted together with other factors by T cells and macrophages following cell activation by antigens or mitogens. The signalling ‘GM-CSF:receptor’ complex is a dodecamer of two hexamers of two alpha, two beta, and two ligand subunits. While non-glycosylated and glycosylated GM-CSF show similar activities in vitro, fully glycosylated GM-CSF is biologically more active in vivo. Recombinant Mouse CSF2 is a non-glycosylated, monomeric protein.
Description: GM-CSF is a monomeric protein of 127 amino acids with two glycosylation sites. The protein is synthesized as a precursor of 144 amino acids, which included a hydrophobic secretory signal sequence at the aminoterminal end. The sugar moiety is not required for the full spectrum of biological activities. Non-glycosylated and glycosylated GM-CSF show the same activities in vitro. Fully glycosylated GM-CSF is biologically more active in vivo than the non- glycosylated protein. This protein is secreted together with other factors by T cells and macrophages following cell activation by antigens or mitogens. Approximately 90% of the secreted colony stimulating activities are due to GM-CSF.
Description: Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor is produced by our Yeast expression system and the target gene encoding Ala18-Glu144 is expressed.
Description: Recombinant Mouse Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor is produced by our E.coli expression system and the target gene encoding Ala18-Lys141 is expressed.
Description: Human GM-CSF is a 24 kDa glycoprotein produced by a variety of cell types, including T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, keratinocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils, and endothelial cells in response to cytokine or inflammatory stimuli. GM-CSF was initially identified on the basis of its capacity to stimulate the clonal proliferation of myeloid precursors in vitro. GM-CSF promotes a Th1 biased immune response, allergic inflammation, and the development of autoimmunity. GM-CSF are particularly effective as antitumor vaccines. GM-CSF regulates multiple biological activities through activation of the GM-CSF receptor (GMCSFR), a member of the type I cytokine receptor group comprising alpha and beta subunits.
Description: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is also known as Colony-stimulating factor,CSF, Molgramostin and Sargramostim. In humans, it is encoded by the CSF2 gene. It belongs to the GM-CSF family. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is a cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells from various lineages, including granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and erythrocytes.
Description: Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) was initially characterized as a growth factorthat can support the in vitro colony formation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. It is produced by anumber of different cell types (including activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cellsand fibroblasts) in response to cytokine of immune and inflammatory stimuli. Besides granulocyte-macrophageprogenitors, GM-CSF is also a growth factor for erythroid, megakaryocyte and eosinophil progenitors. Onmature hematopoietic, monocytes/ macrophages and eosinophils. GM-CSF has a functional role on nonhematopoitic cells. It can induce human endothelial cells to migrate and proliferate. Additionally, GM-CSF canalso stimulate the proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines, including osteogenic sarcoma, carcinoma andadenocarcinoma cell lines.
Description: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is an enzyme that in mouse is encoded by the Csf2 gene, belongs to the GM-CSF family.CSF2 is a Cytokine that stimulates the growth and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells from various lineages, including granulocytes, macrophages, eosinophils and erythrocytes
Description: Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) was initially characterized as a growth factor that can support the in vitro colony formation of granulocyte-macrophage progenitors. It is produced by a number of different cell types (including activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts) in response to cytokine of immune and inflammatory stimuli. Besides granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, GM-CSF is also a growth factor for erythroid, megakaryocyte and eosinophil progenitors. On mature hematopoietic, monocytes/ macrophages and eosinophils. GM-CSF has a functional role on non-hematopoitic cells. It can induce human endothelial cells to migrate and proliferate. Additionally, GM-CSF can also stimulate the proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines, including osteogenic sarcoma, carcinoma and adenocarcinoma cell lines.
Description: GM-CSF was initially characterized as a growth factor that can support the in vitro colony formation of granulocyte macrophage progenitors. It is produced by a number of different cell types (including activated T cells, B cells, macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts) in response to cytokine of immune and inflammatory stimuli. Besides granulocyte-macrophage progenitors, GM-CSF is also a growth factor for erythroid, megakaryocyte and eosinophil progenitors. On mature hematopoietic, monocytes/macrophages, and eosinophils, GM-CSF has also been reported to have a functional role on non-hematopoitic cells. It can induce human endothelial cells to migrate and proliferate. Additionally, GM-CSF can also stimulate the proliferation of a number of tumor cell lines, including osteogenic sarcoma, carcinoma and adenocarcinoma cell lines.
Description: GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the development of neutrophils and macrophages and promotes the proliferation and development of early erythroid megakaryocytic and eosinophilic progenitor cells. It is produced in by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes. GM-CSF inhibits neutrophil migration and enhances the functional activity of the mature end-cells. The human and murine molecules are species-specific and exhibit no cross-species reactivity. Recombinant human GM-CSF is a 14.6 kDa globular protein consisting of 128 amino acids containing two intramolecular disulfide bonds and two potential N-linked glycosylation sites.
Description: GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the development of neutrophils and macrophages and promotes the proliferation and development of early erythroid megakaryocytic and eosinophilic progenitor cells. It is produced in by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes. GM-CSF inhibits neutrophil migration and enhances the functional activity of the mature end-cells. The human and murine molecules are species-specific and exhibit no cross-species reactivity. Recombinant human GM-CSF is a 14.6 kDa globular protein consisting of 128 amino acids containing two intramolecular disulfide bonds and two potential N-linked glycosylation sites.
Description: GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the development of neutrophils and macrophages and promotes the proliferation and development of early erythroid megakaryocytic and eosinophilic progenitor cells. It is produced in by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes. GM-CSF inhibits neutrophil migration and enhances the functional activity of the mature end-cells. The human and murine molecules are species-specific and exhibit no cross-species reactivity. Recombinant murine GM-CSF is a 14.2 kDa globular protein consisting of 124 amino acids residues.
Description: GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the development of neutrophils and macrophages and promotes the proliferation and development of early erythroid megakaryocytic and eosinophilic progenitor cells. It is produced in by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes. GM-CSF inhibits neutrophil migration and enhances the functional activity of the mature end-cells. The human and murine molecules are species-specific and exhibit no cross-species reactivity. Recombinant murine GM-CSF is a 14.2 kDa globular protein consisting of 124 amino acids residues.
Description: GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the development of neutrophils and macrophages and promotes the proliferation and development of early erythroid megakaryocytic and eosinophilic progenitor cells. It is produced in by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes. GM-CSF inhibits neutrophil migration and enhances the functional activity of the mature end-cells. The human and murine molecules are species-specific and exhibit no cross-species reactivity. Recombinant rat GM-CSF is a 14.5 kDa globular protein consisting of 128 amino acids residues.
Description: GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the development of neutrophils and macrophages and promotes the proliferation and development of early erythroid megakaryocytic and eosinophilic progenitor cells. It is produced in by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes. GM-CSF inhibits neutrophil migration and enhances the functional activity of the mature end-cells. The human and murine molecules are species-specific and exhibit no cross-species reactivity. Recombinant rat GM-CSF is a 14.5 kDa globular protein consisting of 128 amino acids residues.
Description: GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the development of neutrophils and macrophages and promotes the proliferation and development of early erythroid megakaryocytic and eosinophilic progenitor cells. It is produced in endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes. GM-CSF inhibits neutrophil migration and enhances the functional activity of the mature end-cells. The human and murine molecules are species-specific and exhibit no cross-species reactivity. Recombinant human GM-CSF is a 14.6 kDa globular protein consisting of 128 amino acids containing two intramolecular disulfide bonds and two potential N-linked glycosylation sites.
Description: GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the development of neutrophils and macrophages and promotes the proliferation and development of early erythroid megakaryocytic and eosinophilic progenitor cells. It is produced in endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes. GM-CSF inhibits neutrophil migration and enhances the functional activity of the mature end-cells. The human and murine molecules are species-specific and exhibit no cross-species reactivity. Recombinant murine GM-CSF is a 14.2 kDa globular protein consisting of 124 amino acids residues. .
Description: GM-CSF is a hematopoietic growth factor that stimulates the development of neutrophils and macrophages and promotes the proliferation and development of early erythroid megakaryocytic and eosinophilic progenitor cells. It is produced in by endothelial cells, monocytes, fibroblasts and T-lymphocytes. GM-CSF inhibits neutrophil migration and enhances the functional activity of the mature end-cells. The human and murine molecules are species-specific and exhibit no cross-species reactivity. Recombinant murine GM-CSF is a 14.5 kDa globular protein consisting of 128 amino acids residues.
Description: Recombinant protein of human colony stimulating factor 2 receptor, alpha, low-affinity (granulocyte-macrophage) (CSF2RA), transcript variant 2
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Distribution of random chromosome repeat sequence provides an ideal target for detecting DNA fragment patterns specific to individual MRSA strains. Two PCR fingerprinting method uses oligonucleotide primer based on a repeated sequence found in Mycoplasma pneumoniae is presented. Repetitive element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) and fluorofor-enhanced rep-PCR (FERP) can identify the strain of the MRSA epidemic in the background. Oligonucleotide primer combinations are labeled with different fluorescent dyes simultaneously allowed FERP fingerprints and detection of the mecA gene.
Kent
