BACKGROUND
Despite their wide occurrence, cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis considered the neglected disease by the World Health Organization. Epidemiology of this disease and microsporidiosis in humans in developing countries are poorly understood. High concentrations of pathogens in raw sewage making simple characterization of this pathogen transmission through genotype and subtype analysis of a small number of samples.
RESULTS
The distribution of genotypes and subtypes of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenal and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in 386 samples from combined sewer system of Shanghai, Nanjing and Wuhan and sewer systems in Qingdao in China determined using PCR-sequencing tools. Eimeria spp. also genotypes to assess the contribution of domestic animals for Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenal, and E. bieneusi in wastewater. The high occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. (56.2%), G. duodenal (82.6%), E. bieneusi (87.6%), and Eimeria / Cyclospora (80.3%) make attribution probable source.
As expected, some of the human-pathogenic species / genotypes, including Cryptosporidium hominis, Cryptosporidium meleagridis, G. duodenal sub-set of A-II, and E. bieneusi genotype D, is the dominant parasites in wastewater. Besides humans, the common presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and Eimeria spp. of the rats showed that rats may have contributed to the occurrence of E. bieneusi genotype D in the sample. Likewise, the findings of Eimeria spp. and Cryptosporidium baileyi of the birds showed that C. meleagridis possible from both human and avian origin.
CONCLUSION
Distribution of Cryptosporidium species, genotype and subtype G. duodenal, and E. bieneusi genotype in urban wastewater showed that anthroponotic transmission appears to be important in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and microsporidiosis in the study area. The findings of the different distribution of subtypes between Shanghai and Wuhan is an indication of the possibility of C. hominis differences in resources between different areas in China.
Molecular surveillance of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi by genotyping and subtyping parasites in wastewater.
A high-density SNP genotyping array for the rice biology and molecular breeding.
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of various high-density is very important for molecular geneticists and breeders. With the accumulation of large amounts of genomic data that re-sequencing and technologies available for SNP detection is accurate, it is possible to design high-density SNP arrays and high-quality rice.
Here we report the development of high-density SNP arrays and utility rice. SNP probes designed by screening more than 10 million SNP loci extracted from the data re-sequencing of 801 varieties of rice and an array named RiceSNP50 produced on Illumina Infinium platform. 51 478 array contains markers evenly, 68% of which are in genic regions.
Description: A polyclonal antibody against E2F1. Recognizes E2F1 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: WB, IHC, ELISA;WB:1/500-1/2000.IHC:1/100-1/300.ELISA:1/5000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against E2F1. Recognizes E2F1 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB;WB:1:500-1:1000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against E2F1. Recognizes E2F1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: WB, ELISA;WB:1:500-10000ELISA:1:10000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against E2F1. Recognizes E2F1 from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC
Description: A polyclonal antibody against E2F1. Recognizes E2F1 from Human. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC, IP; Recommended dilution: WB:1:500-1:5000, IHC:1:20-1:200, IP:1:200-1:2000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against E2F1. Recognizes E2F1 from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB;WB:1:500-1:1000
Description: Transcription factor E2F1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the E2F1 gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the E2F family of transcription factors. The E2F family of transcription factors appears to play a critical role in the transcription of certain genes required for cell cycle progression. E2F1, the first cloned member of this family, is regulated during the cell cycle at the mRNA level by changes in transcription of the E2F1 gene and at the protein level by complex formation with proteins such as the retinoblastoma gene product(pRB), cyclin A and DP1. E2F1 can override a pRB-induced G1/S block and can behave as an oncogene in certain cells. E2F1 was cloned and was found to contain seven exons. Fluorescence in situ hybridization localized E2F1 to chromosome 20q11. The E2F1 transcription factor can promote proliferation or apoptosis when activated, and is a key downstream target of the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor protein(pRB).
Description: The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the E2F family of transcription factors. The E2F family plays a crucial role in the control of cell cycle and action of tumor suppressor proteins and is also a target of the transforming proteins of small DNA tumor viruses. The E2F proteins contain several evolutionally conserved domains found in most members of the family. These domains include a DNA binding domain, a dimerization domain which determines interaction with the differentiation regulated transcription factor proteins (DP), a transactivation domain enriched in acidic amino acids, and a tumor suppressor protein association domain which is embedded within the transactivation domain. This protein and another 2 members, E2F2 and E2F3, have an additional cyclin binding domain. This protein binds preferentially to retinoblastoma protein pRB in a cell-cycle dependent manner. It can mediate both cell proliferation and p53-dependent/independent apoptosis.
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human E2F1 (Internal). This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human E2F1 (H357). This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Phospho-E2F1 (Thr433). Recognizes Phospho-E2F1 (Thr433) from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB;WB:1:500-1:1000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against E2F1. Recognizes E2F1 from Human. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against E2F1. Recognizes E2F1 from Human. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against E2F1. Recognizes E2F1 from Human. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Phospho-E2F1 (T433). Recognizes Phospho-E2F1 (T433) from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: WB, ELISA;WB:1/500-1/2000.ELISA:1/5000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Phospho-E2F1 (Thr433). Recognizes Phospho-E2F1 (Thr433) from Human, Mouse. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB;WB:1:500-1:1000
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rabbit Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rabbit Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rabbit Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Monkey Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Monkey Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Monkey Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Guinea pig Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Guinea pig Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Guinea pig Transcription factor E2F1(E2F1) in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
ELISA kit for Human Transcription factor E2F1 (E2F1)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human Transcription factor E2F1 (E2F1) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
ELISA kit for Human Transcription factor E2F1 (E2F1)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human Transcription factor E2F1 (E2F1) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
ELISA kit for Human Transcription factor E2F1 (E2F1)
Description: Quantitative sandwich ELISA for measuring Human Transcription factor E2F1 (E2F1) in samples from cell culture supernatants, serum, whole blood, plasma and other biological fluids.
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human Phospho-E2F1(S337) . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human Phospho-E2F1(S332) . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human Phospho-E2F1(H357) . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Several hundred rice with parents / F1 relation is used to produce high-quality cluster file for accurate SNP calling. application tests show that this array has a high genotyping accuracy, and can be used for different purposes. For example, a core collection of rice varieties elite swarming with good resolution. Genome-wide association study (GWAS) to correctly identify QTL analysis indicated. Furthermore, these arrays have been successfully used to verify the nature of the variation and introgression. For high-throughput genotyping tools are accurate, RiceSNP50 will play an important role in the study of functional genomics and molecular breeding.
Kent
